The correct answer is "practices associated with political machines."
During the late 19th century and early 20th century, political machines rose in popular in populous American cities. The goal of these machines were to get specific individuals elected so that they may control local laws. These political machines would then use the candidate as a means to reap personal benefits based on the laws made for the city. These actions are seen by individuals such as Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall.
